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    • 专利摘要:
    Device and test method of fire resistance of samples of delimiting construction elements, which reproduces the certification test for temperatures above 800ºC with samples of a reduced size, and configured for the placement of thermocouples on both sides of the sample. It consists of: 1. Horizontal structure consisting of a non-deformable bottom sheet and a top layer of insulating material. 2. Combustible heat source under said structure, centered on the opening, separated and configured to generate temperatures similar to those of the certification test. The dimensions of the heat source are related to those of the opening in a ratio of 66.6%. 3. Support body attached to the structure, with the upper and lower hollow faces, through which the generated heat rises, and where the sample to be tested rests. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2757273A1
    申请号:ES201800243
    申请日:2018-10-25
    公开日:2020-04-28
    发明作者:Menendez Orlando Abreu；Ipina Alain Alonso；Portilla Daniel Alvear；Urrutia Mariano Lazaro；Urrutia Pedro Lazaro
    申请人:Universidad de Cantabria；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] Device and test method of fire resistance of samples of delimiting construction elements.
    [0003]
    [0004] Field of the Invention
    [0005]
    [0006] The technical sector is that of fire safety, more specifically, testing of construction elements at high temperatures (> 800 ° C). Products with a boundary function in buildings undergo fire resistance tests at high temperatures (> 800 ° C) in order to verify their behavior.
    [0007]
    [0008] Background of the Invention
    [0009]
    [0010] The products and facilities that are part of a building, in relation to their fire resistance properties, must comply with the specifications that are included in the Basic Document of Safety in case of Fire (DB-SI) [1] included in the technical building code (CTE) [2] that has been applied nationally since 2006.
    [0011]
    [0012] The CTE arises as a consequence of the application of Royal Decree 314/2006 [1] as a transposition of the European directive 305/2006 [2], by which conditions are established for the commercialization of construction products within the scope of the European Union , being repealed the previous Directive 89/106 / CEE that regulated the technical characteristics that the products and installations in a building should comply with.
    [0013]
    [0014] To be able to certify a construction element, an indispensable requirement for its sale, the UN-EN 1363 [3] standard is included in the DB-SI, which indicates the tests and requirements that must be met, according to the sectorization and function or use (office, school , garage, home, etc.) that the element plays within the enclosure that is sectorized.
    [0015]
    [0016] Given the typology and certification method of the construction elements that must undergo the aforementioned standards in order to obtain their certificate, they are usually tested in the last phase of product development, until now when they are not valid or not. of the same.
    [0017]
    [0018] This trial-error design process is especially costly in time and money because the results are not obtained until the end of product development, and it may be the case that the time and money invested in product development does not obtain the expected results, even having to carry out numerous certification tests. It is, therefore, of special relevance to have methods based on scientific-technical criteria in relation to the factors that affect their behavior in the face of fire, in such a way that objective elements can be obtained that, in the development of a new product or improvement of an existing one, allow improvements or modifications to be made before reaching a final phase of certification testing.
    [0019]
    [0020] Having these criteria would be very useful due to the cost of carrying out, by the trial and error method, a complete prototype, testing it and making modifications to retest it with the consequent new costs involved. The availability of criteria and guidelines, particularly in intermediate stages of product development, that predict the results or show a trend of the same against the final certification test, without the need to carry out numerous trial and error tests with the product in its final phase of development, means saving time in design and money due to the costs involved in carrying out the aforementioned tests.
    [0021] Fire safety engineering offers solutions to this problem, showing results from different designs. Usually the most common methodologies when you want to analyze the behavior of materials, products and complete systems are high-temperature tests of the element at scale, life-size tests in furnaces, although without being certification tests or tests by the elements of the set in real size.
    [0022]
    [0023] With these techniques it is possible to obtain an approximate knowledge of the product, structure, construction element, etc. in a real fire situation where on many occasions it is impossible to carry out full scale tests due to technical or economic infeasibility. All these engineering techniques are not exclusive of the corresponding certification test, they simply represent a mechanism to rule out erroneous designs without the need for certification tests.
    [0024]
    [0025] Carrying out full-scale tests such as those sometimes carried out and mentioned in [4], supposes the ideal test situation for constructive elements (both structural and delimiting) since all of them are tested under service conditions, without size limitations and with service charges. Logically, the cost of conducting a full-scale testing campaign is much higher than the cost of any single-element testing or scale-testing campaign, therefore, full-scale tests under end-use conditions lack technical or economic feasibility, in other words, it is not feasible to carry out the construction of a building to later start a fire and check how the constructive elements that compose it behave. The work carried out at the Building Research Establishment's Cardington Laboratory [4] is one of the few exceptions. In this work, a building 33 meters high and 21 mx 45 m on the ground floor was constructed, with several floors in a metal structure. Later, different tests were carried out with live fire to see its effects on columns and beams.
    [0026]
    [0027] For this reason, the use of furnaces of reduced dimensions (such as those mentioned in [5] - [13]) is one of the most used methodologies for the analysis of non-structural construction elements such as partition panels, windows, doors, false ceilings, etc. . Below are some of the most representative works carried out.
    [0028]
    [0029] The use of furnaces for testing individual elements is a very common technique, particularly in the study and analysis of beams and columns in a building. Beams or columns tested at high temperatures are sometimes subjected to loads during heating. Thus, for example, the works of [5] and [6] study the effects of the types of joints and the effects of heating on unbraced "I" beams while they are at high temperatures. These works are presented as examples of the use of small furnaces for experimentation, since the furnace typology makes them designed for the structural study of the elements, that is, the analysis and study of internal forces.
    [0030]
    [0031] Furnaces of smaller dimensions than those of the certification test are also common for the certification of non-structural elements, such as beams and columns, such as spacer elements, windows, doors, false ceilings, ... which must be certified before its put up for sale.
    [0032]
    [0033] However, the ovens used in the works [5] and [6] have dimensions of considerable size, which implies a higher energy expenditure to raise the temperatures of the samples. In addition, said furnaces used in both jobs have a structure designed to apply load to the sample tested. These mechanisms make the structures of both furnaces more complex and more expensive to test.
    [0034] In the works [7] and [8] the behavior at high temperatures of different configurations is studied, both of the profiles that support the laminated gypsum panels, and of the typology of laminated gypsum panels respectively. These panel systems are used in the sectoring of buildings and were analyzed in various configurations in two small-scale furnaces to see their response to high temperatures.
    [0035]
    [0036] In work [9] an oven with dimensions similar to that of the certification test is used to analyze the behavior of fire doors at high temperatures, in tests prior to the corresponding certification test.
    [0037]
    [0038] The study [10] makes a complete analysis of the factors that affect the integrity of a fire door when subjected to high temperatures. This work is carried out by running tests in homo and with samples, in the same way as certification tests.
    [0039]
    [0040] In [11] the behavior of wooden doors used in the sectorization of spaces inside the building is analyzed. In this work, a homo is used like those used in certification tests.
    [0041]
    [0042] In the work [12] a miniature oven is used to study the behavior at high temperatures of fiber reinforced panels, although in this case the use of these panels is exclusively in the nautical field. Despite the fact that the field of application of these panels does not belong to the construction field, the test method, using an oven with approximate dimensions of 1.07 x 1.07 m2, is similar to that used in [13].
    [0043]
    [0044] In the work [13] the behavior at high temperatures of various configurations of sectorization systems is tested and analyzed by means of laminated gypsum panels using a miniature oven with dimensions of approximately 1.25 x 1.05 m2.
    [0045]
    [0046] Regarding the horizontal oven used in the work [13], the samples tested are of such a size that it implies that the tests are more expensive. In addition, this furnace works thanks to the burning of hydrocarbons and has smoke extraction, which implies a higher development and construction cost.
    [0047]
    [0048] In the work [12], the furnace typology makes the tests imply a greater economic cost. The preparation of the samples implies a higher cost of material due to their dimensions (approximately 0.90 x 0.71 m2) and a higher fuel expense of the homo because high temperatures (similar to those of the certification test) are required to achieve higher temperatures. run time for that sample size. In addition, the oven used in [12] allows a structural load to be applied to the panel, a property that makes the cooking and oven more complex. The elements that must be tested to obtain your certificate are not subject to structural loads according to the standard, so this characteristic is not necessary.
    [0049]
    [0050] In the works [7] and [8] the furnaces and samples of dimensions smaller than those of the certification tests are used. The disadvantage of the size of the samples used in these works is the use of samples of dimensions that imply a high cost of elaboration and preparation. In addition, tests with samples of these dimensions require a long test time to reach temperatures similar to those required in certification tests (1000 ° C), a chicken that requires a high cost of fuel to carry out the tests.
    [0051]
    [0052] The homo proposed in the work [9] is of dimensions similar to those of the employees in the certification tests. In addition, the duration of the trial is very similar to that of the certification tests. These two circumstances imply a higher economic cost in the preparation of the samples and a higher fuel expense during the test, which is very high to achieve high temperatures. The test methodology of this work involves carrying out a test similar to that of certification for modification in the samples tested.
    [0053] The study carried out in [10] uses a large homo, similar to that of the certification tests. The tests carried out are carried out on large samples. Despite the fact that several samples were tested at the same time, with the consequent saving of time, the size of the samples and the time required to run the test represent an economic disadvantage, since it requires a lot of fuel expense to meet that test time. .
    [0054] The oven used in [11] is similar in size to the certification tests. The samples used in this work are of large dimensions, the same dimensions as the final product, which implies a greater economic expense when testing since the preparation of these samples is more expensive as more material is spent and the duration of the testing involves a high fuel expense.
    [0055] The previous works [11] to [13] have in common a sample size in which large amounts of material are used in their preparation for the tests, some of them having dimensions equal to those of the final product. All this involves testing in ovens whose size is large. These dimensions of the oven entail a high fuel expense to achieve temperatures similar to those of the certification test. For product pre-development actions where it is required to know a priori the impact of different modifications on the product, they are therefore more difficult to apply.
    [0056] References
    [0057] [1] Royal Decree 314/2006, of March 17, which approves the Technical Building Code
    [0058] [2] Regulation (EU) No 305/201 1 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing harmonized conditions for the marketing of construction products.
    [0059] [3] UNE-EN 1363-1 Fire resistance tests. Part 1: General requirements. (2000).
    [0060] [4] A New Approach to Multi-Store Steel Framed Buildings Fire and Steel Construction. Building Research Establishmenf s Cardington Laboratory (1996).
    [0061] [5] Ding J; Wang YC. Experimental study of structural fire behavior of Steel beam to concrete filled tubular column assemblies with different types of joints. Engineeríng Structures, (2007), 29 (12), p. 3485-3502.
    [0062] [6] Mesquita LMR; PAG pilot; Vaz MAP; Real PV. Experimental and numerical research on the critical temperature of laterally unrestrained Steel I beams. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, (2005), 61 (10), p. 1435-1446.
    [0063] [7] Feng M; Wang YC; Davies JM. Thermal performance of cold-formed thin-walled Steel panel systems in fire. Fire safetyjournal, (2003), 38 (4), p. 365-394.
    [0064] [8] Kolarkar P; Mahendran M. Experimental studies of non-load bearing Steel wall systems under fire conditions. Fire safety journal, (2012) 53, p. 85-104.
    [0065] [9] Capote JA; Alvear D; Abreu O; Lazaro M; Boffill Y; Apple orchards A; Maamar, M. Assessment of physical phenomena associated to fire doors during standard tests. Fire technology, (2013), 49 (2), p. 357-378.
    [0066]
    [0067] [10] National fire door fire test project induced failure mode test. National Fire Protection Association Report (NFPA) (1995)
    [0068]
    [0069] [11] Hugi E; Weber R. Fire behavior of tropical and European wood and fire resistance of fire doors made of this wood. Fire technology (2012), 48 (3), p.679-698.
    [0070]
    [0071] [12] Asaro RJ; Lattimer B; Ramroth W. Structural response of FRP composites during fire. Composite Structures, (2009), 87 (4), p.382-393.
    [0072]
    [0073] [13] Ghazi Wakili K; Hugi E; Wullschleger L; Frank TH. Gypsum board in fire modeling and experimental validation. Journal of fire Sciences, (2007), 25 (3), p.267-282.
    [0074]
    [0075] Summary of the Invention
    [0076]
    [0077] The present invention tries to solve the aforementioned drawbacks by means of a fire resistance test device for samples of delimiting construction elements, configured to faithfully reproduce the certification test for temperatures above 800 ° C, with samples of a size between approximately 10 mm long, 10 mm wide and 40 mm thick and approximately 500 mm long, 500 mm wide and 100 mm thick, and configured for the placement of thermocouples on both sides of the sample, comprising:
    [0078]
    [0079] - a substantially horizontal structure having a size between approximately 170 mm long, 130 mm wide and 140 mm thick and approximately 840 mm long, 620 mm wide and 40 mm thick, and which in turn comprises: a non-deformable bottom sheet of a material sufficiently resistant to mechanical stresses and an upper layer of insulating material of a moldable and flexible material, where the elements comprising the substantially horizontal structure have an opening in their center, such that during the performance of the test , all the openings are coincident, and through which the heat generated by a heat source rises;
    [0080]
    [0081] - a fossil fuel heat source located under the substantially horizontal structure, and centered in its openings, said heat source being mechanically separated from the rest of the elements that are part of the device and configured to generate temperatures similar to those of the certification test, such that the dimensions of the heat source reaching the non-deformable bottom sheet are related to the dimensions of the opening so that a relationship is maintained where the area of the heat focus is approximately two thirds (66.6%) of the area of the opening;
    [0082]
    [0083] - at least two support elements attached to the substantially horizontal structure, configured to raise in height the substantially horizontal support body structure assembly and regulate the temperature of the heat source reaching the sample;
    [0084]
    [0085] - a support body attached to the upper layer of insulating material, with hollow upper and lower faces, where the sample to be tested is located on its upper face, simply supported on an internal recess made in the walls of the support body in the upper area, such that the minimum and maximum dimensions of the support body are between approximately 100x100x90mm (length, width and height) and approximately 500x500x190 mm (length, width and thickness), such that the lower face (as opposed to the upper face where it is located the sample to be tested), being hollow, allows the passage of the heat generated by the heat source, such that the rest of the faces of the support body are joined to each other, and such that the interior walls of the support body are protected from higher temperatures at 800 ° C thanks to a flexible and moldable insulating material adhered to the faces of the support body;
    [0086]
    [0087] the elements of the device being configured to resist temperatures higher than 800 ° C without being deformed, not losing their mechanical properties at the temperature at which the test is carried out and resisting the weight of the elements they support.
    [0088]
    [0089] In a possible embodiment, the substantially horizontal structure has dimensions of approximately 500 mm long, 370 mm wide and 40 mm thick.
    [0090]
    [0091] In a possible embodiment, the non-deformable bottom sheet is metal and has a maximum thickness of 2 millimeters. In another possible embodiment, the non-deformable bottom sheet is ceramic and has a maximum thickness of 20 millimeters.
    [0092]
    [0093] In a possible embodiment, the upper layer of insulating material has a maximum thickness of 40 millimeters.
    [0094]
    [0095] In a possible embodiment, a horizontal plate with an opening coinciding with the openings of the non-deformable bottom sheet and the upper layer of insulating material is placed between the non-deformable bottom sheet and the top layer of insulating material, which provides the substantially horizontal structure with robustness and isolates the whole. In a possible embodiment, the material of the horizontal plate is laminated plaster and its thickness ranges between 10 and 20 millimeters.
    [0096]
    [0097] In a possible embodiment, the openings have dimensions of approximately 300 mm x 300 mm.
    [0098]
    [0099] In a possible embodiment, the distance between the heat source and the non-deformable bottom sheet is 10 cm, and the support elements are made of steel and are attached to the non-deformable bottom sheet by means of a mechanical thread connection, such that each element of support is a threaded rod that is attached to the non-deformable bottom sheet using a top and bottom nut.
    [0100]
    [0101] In a possible embodiment, the support body is a laminated plaster cube.
    [0102]
    [0103] In another aspect of the invention, a fire resistance test method of samples of boundary building elements is provided, using the device defined above. The method comprises the stages of:
    [0104]
    [0105] - on the sample and prior to being placed in the test device of the invention, install the thermocouples on the upper (not exposed to the heat source) and lower (exposed to the heat source) faces of the sample;
    [0106]
    [0107] - placing the sample in a substantially horizontal position, simply supported and without any fixation, on the internal recess of the support body;
    [0108]
    [0109] - turn on the heat source;
    [0110]
    [0111] - locating at least one thermocouple in the vicinity of the exposed face of the sample, inside the space of the support body, said at least one thermocouple configured to measure the temperature of the air inside the oven and in the vicinity of the sample to be tested, such that said thermocouple must not be in contact with the sample;
    [0112] - heat the exposed face of the sample for the appropriate time to carry out the test and acquire the data on the temperatures of both faces of the sample (exposed and unexposed) and the temperature of the air inside the oven (in the proximities of the exposed face) using a datalogger;
    [0113]
    [0114] - compare the heating curves of the unexposed face with the heating curves of a section that is already certified.
    [0115]
    [0116] In a possible embodiment, the thermocouple located in the vicinity of the exposed face of the sample is in a plane located approximately in the range 1-2 centimeters thereof and at least 10 centimeters from any of the walls of the support body.
    [0117]
    [0118] Brief description of the figures
    [0119]
    [0120] In order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, in accordance with a preferred example of practical embodiment thereof, and to complement this description, a set of drawings is included as an integral part thereof, the character of which is illustrative and not limiting. In these drawings:
    [0121]
    [0122] Figure 1 shows a schematic of the test bench.
    [0123]
    [0124] Figure 2 shows a front view through a longitudinal section plane on the axis of symmetry of the test bench. The test bench is shown with the sample in its test position.
    [0125] Figure 3 shows a diagram of the substantially horizontal structure.
    [0126]
    [0127] Figure 4 shows an example of the testing process
    [0128]
    [0129] Figure 5 shows a comparative graph of unexposed face temperatures for three sections of three different gate cores.
    [0130]
    [0131] Detailed description of the invention
    [0132]
    [0133] In this text, the term "comprises" and its variants should not be understood in an exclusive sense, that is, these terms are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps.
    [0134]
    [0135] Also, the terms "approximately", "substantially", "around", "some", etc. they should be understood as indicating values close to those that these terms accompany, since due to calculation or measurement errors, it is impossible to achieve these values with complete accuracy.
    [0136]
    [0137] In addition, delimiting construction elements are understood as those elements used to delimit a fire sector according to DB-SI and that must meet the characteristics required by the UNE-EN 1363 standard, such as fire doors, walls, windows, curtains ... .
    [0138]
    [0139] Furthermore, a sample is understood to be the part or portion extracted from a set that allows it to be considered representative of it. In this text, the samples mentioned consist of a section of the delimiting construction element consisting of a sandwich type section of outer sheet, insulating material and outer sheet.
    [0140] The characteristics of the device and method of the invention, as well as the advantages derived from it, will be better understood with the following description, made with reference to the drawings listed above.
    [0141]
    [0142] The following preferred embodiments are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments indicated herein. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages, and features of the invention will emerge in part from the description and in part from the practice of the invention.
    [0143]
    [0144] Next, a bench and a fire resistance test method of samples of delimiting construction elements, for temperatures above 800 ° C, which allows reducing costs with respect to the devices and methods existing in the state of the art, are described. because the device allows the optimum test temperature to be reached earlier thanks to the possibility of faithfully reproducing the test with smaller samples. The structure of the test bench allows samples to be heated (5) with temperatures above 800 ° C, similar to those used in certification tests. The device also allows the placement of thermocouples on both sides of the sample for proper monitoring of the section tested.
    [0145]
    [0146] The elements that constitute the test bench are shown in Figures 1 and 2, and are: a substantially horizontal structure 11, 21, a heat source 12, 22, support elements 13, 23 and a support body 14, 24 of sample 26. The dimensions of each element are designed to locate the sample 26 to be tested and to ensure that the flow of fresh air reaching the heat source 12, 22 is optimal, preventing the fire from drowning or losing too much heat.
    [0147]
    [0148] The substantially horizontal structure 11,21 has dimensions such that they allow a representative performance of the test, the minimum and maximum dimensions of the structure being 170x130x40mm (length, width and thickness) and 840x620x40 mm (length, width and thickness) respectively.
    [0149]
    [0150] In a possible embodiment, the substantially horizontal structure 11, 21 has dimensions of approximately 500 mm long, 370 mm wide and 40 mm thick. These dimensions allow to place a sample 26 of size 300x300x80mm. Preferably, the thickness of the sample 26 tested varies from 40 to 100 mm but not its width and length dimensions.
    [0151]
    [0152] As can be seen in Figure 3, the substantially horizontal structure 31 comprises in turn at least two elements, both withstanding temperatures higher than 800 ° C: a non-deformable bottom sheet 311 and an upper layer of insulating material 312.
    [0153]
    [0154] The non-deformable bottom sheet 311 is of a material sufficiently resistant to mechanical stresses (weight of the test bench itself and of the sample 26 tested) and also that it does not lose these mechanical properties at the temperatures at which the test is carried out. In a possible embodiment the material is metal. In another possible embodiment the material is ceramic. The maximum thickness of the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 is 2 millimeters if it is metallic, and 20 millimeters if it is ceramic.
    [0155]
    [0156] The upper layer of insulating material 312 is made of a flexible and moldable material, such as rock, mineral or glass wool, and its maximum thickness is 40 millimeters.
    [0157]
    [0158] In a possible embodiment, the top layer of insulating material 312 is supported on the non-deformable bottom sheet 311. In another possible embodiment, and as seen in Figure 3, between the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 and the top layer of insulating material 312 I know it places a horizontal plate 313 that makes the substantially horizontal structure 31 robust and insulates the assembly, with an easily machinable material and capable of supporting the weight of the sample 26 tested, as well as the rest of the structure, in addition to being resistant to temperatures above 800 ° C. Preferably, the material of the horizontal plate 313 is laminated plaster. The thickness of this laminated gypsum board is that of the laminated gypsum boards that are commercially available without modification. These thicknesses range between 10 and 20 millimeters thick.
    [0159]
    [0160] The elements comprising the substantially horizontal structure 11, 21, 31 have an opening 314 in their center, such that during the performance of the test, all the openings 314 coincide, and through which the heat generated by the heat source 12 rises. , 22. In a possible embodiment, the openings 314 have dimensions of approximately 300 mm x 300 mm.
    [0161]
    [0162] Under the substantially horizontal structure 11, 21, 31, and centered in its openings 314, the heat source 12,22 is located, which is not mechanically connected with the rest of the elements that are part of the test bench. The heat source 12, 22 is capable of generating high enough temperatures, similar to those of the certification test. In addition, the dimensions of the heat source reaching the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 must be related to the dimensions of the opening 314 such that a relationship is maintained where the area of the heat focus is approximately two-thirds (or 66, 6%) of the area of the opening 314. Researchers have observed that if the ratio is larger, not enough outside air enters and the fire is drowned, causing the temperature to decrease. Conversely, if the ratio is smaller, the heat source does not generate such high temperatures. That is, there is a single relationship that must be maintained between the area of opening 314 and the area of the heat source:
    [0163]
    [0164] - Area of opening 314: this area is considered as a reference and assumes 100%.
    [0165] This area can be considered coincident with the exposed surface of the area of the sample 26 since the sample 26 rests on an internal recess 15 of the support body 14, 24 as indicated below.
    [0166]
    [0167] - The area of the heat focus that reaches the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 represents approximately 66.6% of the area of the opening 314. That is the relationship that must be maintained. The area of the heat focus should be approximately 2/3 or 66.6% of the area of the opening 314.
    [0168]
    [0169] The heat source 12, 22 must be fossil fuel, such as a fuel raft or a gas burner, and in no case heat lamps or resistors. Furthermore, the power of the heat source 12, 22 must be such that it can reproduce the temperatures of the heat generation curve used in the ISO 834 certification tests.
    [0170]
    [0171] The bench also includes at least two support elements 13, 23 made of a material resistant enough to withstand temperatures above 800 ° C and the weight of the assembly plus the sample 26 to be tested. In a possible embodiment, the material is steel. These support elements 13, 23 are attached to the substantially horizontal structure 11, 21, 31. The support elements 13, 23 allow the height elevation of the substantially horizontal structure assembly 11, 21, 31 support body 14, 24 and place it on the heat source 12, 22.
    [0172]
    [0173] That is, with this height, the temperature of the heat source 12, 22 that reaches the sample 26 is regulated, since, if the distance is small, the entry of the oxidizer is scarce and low temperatures occur. If the distance is high, the oxidizer input is correct but the distance to the heat source 12, 22 causes the heat losses to be high, decreasing the temperature of the gas close to the exposed face of the sample 26. In a possible embodiment, the distance between the heat source 12, 22 and the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 is 10 cm.
    [0174]
    [0175] In a possible embodiment, the support elements 13, 23 are attached to the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 by means of a mechanical thread connection. That is, each support element 13, 23 is a threaded rod that is attached to the non-deformable bottom sheet 311 by means of a top and bottom nut. Both adjustable nuts allow the height of the substantially horizontal structure to be adjusted and leveled horizontally 11, 21, 31.
    [0176]
    [0177] Above the substantially horizontal structure 11, 21, 31, and attached to the upper layer of insulating material 312, for example by means of a tongue and groove joint, the support body 14, 24 is placed on which the sample 26 to be tested is placed. The support body 14, 24 is made of a material that is easy to machine and capable of withstanding the weight of the sample 26 and the high temperatures (above 800 ° C) without deforming. In a possible embodiment, the support body 14, 24 is made of laminated plaster.
    [0178]
    [0179] The support body 14, 24 is a structure preferably shaped like a cube, with hollow upper and lower faces, on which the sample 26 to be tested is located on its upper face. The sample 26 is simply placed supported on an internal recess 15 made in the walls of the support body 14, 24 in the upper area. The minimum and maximum dimensions of this body are between 100x100x190mm (length, width and height) and 500x500x190 mm (length, width and thickness).
    [0180]
    [0181] The lower face (as opposed to the upper face where the sample 26 to be tested is located), being hollow, allows the passage of the heat generated by the heat source 12, 22. The rest of the faces of the support body 14, 24 are joined together, for example by tongue and groove joints.
    [0182] The inner walls of the support body 14, 24 are protected at high temperatures (above 800 ° C) thanks to an insulating material that withstands temperatures above 800 ° C. The insulating material must be moldable and flexible, such as rock, mineral or glass wool. The insulating material is adhered to the faces of the support body 14, 24 and protects all of the interior faces thereof.
    [0183]
    [0184] The dimensions of the sample 26 are those that allow the sample 26 to fit on the support body 14, 24, fulfilling two characteristics: a size small enough to be able to test sample 26 quickly and economically in its preparation, but with a size large enough to obtain representative results comparable to certification tests. Therefore, samples 26 must have minimum dimensions of 10 mm long, 10 mm wide and 40 mm thick, and maximum dimensions of 500 mm long, 500 mm wide and 100 mm thick. Smaller dimensions can cause heat transfer phenomena to be misrepresented, and higher dimensions compromise the advantages of test speed and test economy.
    [0185]
    [0186] Thermocouples are welded on both sides of sample 26 (exposed and unexposed) in case sample 26 has a metal surface. If they are not metallic surfaces, thermocouples can be fixed using adhesive. It is not necessary to drill sample 26 in either case, since thermocouples are fixed prior to placing sample 26 on the test bench.
    [0187]
    [0188] The method of the invention for the fire resistance test of samples of delimiting construction elements, is described below
    [0189] First, on the sample 26 and prior to being placed in the test device of the invention, the thermocouples are installed on the upper (not exposed to the heat source 12, 22) and lower (exposed to the source of) sources. heat 12, 22) of sample 26. As mentioned above, thermocouples are welded to both sides of sample 26 when the material of the sample is metallic, or they are placed by means of an adhesive when it is not of this material.
    [0190]
    [0191] The sample 26 is then placed in a substantially horizontal position, simply supported and without any fixation, on the internal recess 15 of the support body 14, 24. Next, the heat source 12, 22 is turned on.
    [0192]
    [0193] The next step is to place at least one thermocouple in the vicinity of the exposed face of the sample 26, inside the space of the support body 14, 24, configured to measure the temperature of the air inside the oven and in the vicinity of sample 26 to be tested. This thermocouple should not be in contact with the sample 26, but in a plane located approximately 1 or 2 centimeters from it and at least 10 centimeters from any of the walls of the support body. In a possible embodiment, this thermocouple is of type K with the characteristics of the UNE EN 60584-1 standard.
    [0194]
    [0195] The test is monitored by thermocouples, as are the certification tests, thanks to which temperatures are obtained at various points. Three different parts are monitored. The first monitored part corresponds to the measurement of the temperatures of the unexposed face of sample 26. This face corresponds to the upper part of the section tested. The second monitored part corresponds to the temperatures of the exposed face of sample 26, which is the face of the section directly affected by the heat from the heat source 12, 22. The last monitored part is air temperatures in the vicinity of the exposed face of the sample 26, that is, the temperatures of the air between the heat source 12, 22 and the bottom of the section tested, in its proximity to it.
    [0196]
    [0197] Finally, the test is executed, that is, the ignition of the heat source 12, 22 occurs and is kept on, heating the exposed face of the sample 26 for the time desired, for example 15, 20 or 30 minutes . During the execution of the test, the position of the sample 26 must not be modified with respect to its initial position. While the heat source 12, 22 is releasing heat, data is obtained on the temperatures of both faces of sample 26 (exposed and unexposed) and of the temperature of the air inside the furnace (near the face exposed) via a datalogger, with an interval of eg one second. When several thermocouples are used, distributed on both sides, the average temperature is obtained at all times for both the exposed and the unexposed faces. At the same heating in the atmosphere of the homo, produced due to the repetitive use of the same heat source 12, 22, the variation of the temperatures of the unexposed face will be due solely to the type of sample 26 tested (type of material used in the construction thereof, thickness of the materials used, configuration thereof), being able to observe differences between the different samples 26 tested.
    [0198]
    [0199] Finally, the heating curves of the unexposed face are compared with the heating curves of the unexposed face of a section that is already certified. The procedure is: first to test a sample, in the device of the invention, which already has the certification. The heating curves are obtained. Subsequently, samples that have modifications in their composition with respect to the certified sample are tested, and the heating curves of the unexposed face are compared.
    [0200] This device and test method allows temperatures to be obtained at different points on the unexposed face, as well as a certification test. The test methodology allows, by comparison, firstly, to test sections that are already certified, obtaining the heating curves. Subsequently, the new section designs will be tested and a comparison will be made in the heating processes of the new sections with that of the already certified sections. An example of a testing process is shown in figure 4. A heating similar to the certified sample tested will be indicative that the new design may behave the same way in the certification test (see figure 5).
    [0201]
    [0202] Due to the speed in the execution of the tests and the size of the samples to be tested, this device and method allows to obtain qualitative intermediate results, which allow to accept a design or discard it in its intermediate phase, without the need to continue the process until the last step, the final certification test. This methodology is not a substitute for the certification test, always necessary to obtain the certificate that allows the sale of the final product.
    [0203]
    [0204] The main advantage of the device and method of the invention is the simplicity in the execution of the test, the speed in obtaining the results and the economic price in the execution (consumables) of the same. In addition, this method presents significant savings due to the fact that intermediate results are available and solutions are discarded before running full-scale tests, which means saving the number of full-scale tests, with the cost derived from them.
    [0205]
    [0206] The size of the samples to be tested, of smaller dimensions, allows to carry out tests more quickly (shorter execution time) with smaller samples that allow different elements and configurations to be tested in a faster and cheaper way. The main difference lies in the speed and economy of the invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (12)
    [1]
    1. Fire resistance test device for samples of delimiting construction elements, configured to faithfully reproduce the certification test for temperatures above 800 ° C, with samples of a size between approximately 10 mm long, 10 mm wide and 40 mm thick and approximately 500 mm long, 500 mm wide and 100 mm thick, and configured for the placement of thermocouples on both sides of the sample, the device being characterized in that it comprises:
    - a substantially horizontal structure (11, 21, 31) having a size of between approximately 170 mm long, 130 mm wide and 140 mm thick and approximately 840 mm long, 620 mm wide and 40 mm thick, and which in turn comprises: a non-deformable bottom sheet (311) of a material sufficiently resistant to mechanical stresses and an upper layer of insulating material (312) of a moldable and flexible material, where the elements comprising the substantially horizontal structure ( 11,21,31) have an opening (314) in their center, such that during the test, all the openings (314) are coincident, and through which the heat generated by a heat source (12, 22) rises. );
    - a fossil fuel heat source (12, 22) located under the substantially horizontal structure (11, 21, 31), and centered in its openings (314), said heat source (12, 22) being mechanically separated from the rest of elements that are part of the device and configured to generate temperatures similar to those of the certification test, such that the dimensions of the heat source that reaches the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) are related to the dimensions of the opening (314) of so that a ratio is maintained where the area of the heat focus is approximately two thirds (66.6%) of the area of the opening (314);
    - at least two support elements (13, 23) attached to the substantially horizontal structure (11, 21, 31), configured to raise in height the substantially horizontal structure assembly (11, 21, 31) support body (14, 24) and regulate the temperature of the heat source (12, 22) that reaches the sample (26);
    - a support body (14, 24) attached to the upper layer of insulating material (312), with hollow upper and lower faces, where the sample (26) to be tested is located on its upper face, simply supported on an internal recess ( 15) made on the walls of the support body (14, 24) in the upper area, such that the minimum and maximum dimensions of the support body (14, 24) are between approximately 1000x1000x190mm (length, width and height) and approximately 500x500x190 mm (length, width and thickness), such that the lower face (as opposed to the upper face where the sample (26) to be tested is located), being hollow, allows the passage of heat generated by the heat source (12, 22), such that the rest of the faces of the support body (14, 24) are joined together, and such that the interior walls of the support body (14, 24) are protected from temperatures above 800 ° C thanks to an insulating material moldable and flexible adhered to the faces of the support body (14, 24);
    the elements of the device being configured to resist temperatures higher than 800 ° C without being deformed, not losing their mechanical properties at the temperature at which the test is carried out and resisting the weight of the elements they support.
    [2]
    2. The device of claim 1, wherein the substantially horizontal structure (11, 21, 31) has dimensions of approximately 500 mm long, 370 mm wide and 40 mm thick.
    [3]
    3. The device of any of the preceding claims wherein the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) is metal and has a maximum thickness of 2 millimeters.
    [4]
    The device of any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) is ceramic and has a maximum thickness of 20 millimeters.
    [5]
    5. The device of any of the preceding claims, wherein the upper layer of insulating material (312) has a maximum thickness of 40 millimeters.
    [6]
    The device of any of the preceding claims, wherein between the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) and the top layer of insulating material (312) a horizontal plate (313) with an opening (314) coinciding with the openings (314) is located. ) of the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) and the top layer of insulating material (312), which provides the substantially horizontal structure (11, 21, 31) with robustness and insulates the assembly.
    [7]
    7. The device of the preceding claim, where the material of the horizontal plate (313) is laminated plaster and its thickness ranges between 10 and 20 millimeters.
    [8]
    The device of any of the preceding claims, wherein the openings (314) have dimensions of approximately 300mm x 300mm.
    [9]
    9. The device of any of the preceding claims, wherein the distance between the heat source (12, 22) and the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) is 10 cm, and the support elements (13, 23) are made of steel and are attached to the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) by means of a mechanical thread connection, such that each support element (13, 23) is a threaded rod that is attached to the non-deformable bottom sheet (311) by means of a bottom nut and higher.
    [10]
    10. The device of any of the preceding claims, wherein the support body (14, 24) is a laminated plaster cube.
    [11]
    11. Test method of fire resistance of samples of delimiting construction elements, using the device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises the steps of:
    - on the sample (26) and before being placed in the test device of the invention, install the thermocouples on the upper (not exposed to the heat source (12, 22)) and lower (exposed to the source of) heat (12, 22)) of the sample (26);
    - placing the sample (26) in a substantially horizontal position, simply supported and without any fixation, on the internal recess (15) of the support body (14, 24);
    - turn on the heat source (12, 22);
    - locating at least one thermocouple in the vicinity of the exposed face of the sample (26), inside the space of the support body (14, 24), said at least one thermocouple being configured to measure the temperature of the air inside from the oven and in the vicinity of the sample (26) to be tested, such that said thermocouple must not be in contact with the sample (26);
    - heating the exposed face of the sample (26) for the appropriate time to carry out the test and acquiring data on the temperatures of both faces of the sample (26) (exposed and unexposed) and of the air temperature in the inside the oven (in the vicinity of the exposed face) using a data acquisition device;
    - compare the heating curves of the unexposed face with the heating curves of a section that is already certified.
    [12]
    12. The method of the preceding claim, wherein the thermocouple located in the vicinity of the exposed face of the sample is in a plane located approximately in the range 1 2 centimeters thereof and at least 10 centimeters from any of the walls of the support body (14, 24).
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2757273B2|2021-03-24|
    引用文献:
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    US20150103861A1|2013-10-15|2015-04-16|United States Gypsum Company|Testing apparatus and method|
    ES2551030A1|2014-12-26|2015-11-13|Universidad De Cantabria|Sample holders and method for carrying out fire tests on multilayer elements |
    CN105092631A|2015-08-07|2015-11-25|欧优科学仪器南京有限公司|Thermal analysis method for testing high-activity element alloy material through seal crucible|
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